Cryopreservation of the Microalgae Scenedesmus sp.

Each phytoplankton species presents a different behavior and tolerance to the cryopreservation process. Therefore, in a species-specific protocol, it is essential to ensure both growth and post-thawing cell viability. In this study, we explored the effect of cryopreservation of Scenedesmus sp. with two cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol (MET), at 5% and 10% inclusion for each. In the control treatment, the microalgae were not exposed to cryoprotective agents (Control). Three post-thawing cell viability criteria were used: no cell damage (NCD), cell damage (CD), and marked lesions (LM), and mitochondrial and cell membrane damage was evaluated by flow cytometry. The study was a 2 × 2 factorial design, with five replications by treatments, population growth, and cell damage evaluated from the fifth day after thawing. On the fifth day, the highest percentage of NCD was observed when the microalgae were cryopreserved with DMSO 5% (50%); Regarding the control group, it showed 0% NCD. Flow cytometry analysis reveals minor damage at the membrane and mitochondria (9-10.7%) when DMSO is used at both inclusion percentages (5-10%) after thawing. In the exponential phase, the highest growth rates, doubling time, and yield was observed in cryopreserved cells with MET 5%. The results suggest that DMSO 5% is an ideal treatment for cryopreserving microalgae Scenedesmus sp.

Comunidades planctónicas y bacterianas asociadas al cultivo de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae con tecnología biofloc / Describing the planktonic and bacterial communities associated with bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae fish culture with biofloc technology

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir las comunidades planctónicas y bacterianas asociadas al cultivo de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae con tecnología biofloc (BFT). Materiales y métodos. En nueve tanques rectangulares de concreto con volumen útil de 6.0 m3, se sembraron alevinos de bocachico con peso promedio de 1.6±0.2 g, a tres densidades 5 (T1), 10 (T2) y 20 (T3) peces/m3 con BFT, durante 120 días de cultivo. La identificación y cuantificación de los microorganismos se realizó cada ocho días, en una muestra de 250 ml de agua por tanque, mediante análisis de alícuotas en cámaras Sedgwick-Rafter y/o Neubauer bajo microscopio a 10x y 40x. Los días 15, 45 y 90 del cultivo se caracterizaron las comunidades bacterianas tomando una muestra de 2 g de floc en 90 ml de solución salina estéril y sometidas a pruebas microbiológicas convencionales. Resultados. Se identificarem cinco grupos planctónicos (microalgas, rotíferos, cladóceros, copépodos y protistas con predominancia de ciliados) con mayor cantidad de rotíferos y protistas en los cultivos con menor densidad (T1 y T2); y la mayor afluencia de microorganismos osciló entre 174.9±21.4 ind/ml (T1) y 125.6±16.1 ind/ml (T2). En el grupo de bacterias fue posible identificar 10 cepas: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp. (Enterobacteriaceae) Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp, Lactobacillus sp, Pseduodomonas sp (Vibrionaceae), Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp (Cocos gram+). Conclusiones. La composición del plancton fue similar en todos los tratamientos, con rotífero y protistas como los más abundantes; la mayor proporción de bacterias fueron Enterobacterias y Heterotróficas.

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the planktonic communities and bacteria associated with the bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae fish culture with biofloc technology (BFT). Materials and methods. Bocachico fingerlings, with an average weight of 1.6±0.2 g, were stocked at three densities, i.e., 5 (T1), 10 (T2) and 20 (T3) fish/m3, with BFT in nine rectangular, 6.0 m3 concrete tanks for 120 days of culture. Identification and quantification of the microorganisms was performed every eight days in a sample of 250 ml of water per tank by analyzing aliquots on a Sedgwick-Rafter and/or in Neubauer chambers on a microscope at 10x and 40x magnification. On days 15, 45, and 90 of the fish culture, the bacterial communities were characterized by taking 2 g samples of floc and adding them to 90 ml of sterile saline solution, then subjecting them to conventional microbiological tests. Results. Five planktonic groups (microalgae, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, and protists with ciliates predominating) with more rotifers and protists in the fish cultures at lower density (T1 and T2) were identified, and the largest amount of microorganisms oscillated between 174.9±21.4 ind/ml (T1) and 125.6±16.1 ind/ml (T2). It was possible to identify ten bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp. (Enterobacteriaceae), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. (Vibrionaceae), Micrococcus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. (Coccus Gram+). Conclusions. The composition of plankton was similar in all treatments, with rotifers and protists being the most abundant; the bacteria showed a higher proportion of enterobacteria and heterotrophs.

Experimental culture of Cyclopina sp with differents microalgae’s species / Cultivo experimental de Cyclopina sp con diferentes especies de microalgas / Cultura experimental de Cyclopina sp com diferentes espécies de microalgas

Copepods are the main natural prey for most marine fish and other marine crustaceans and their nauplius, thus playing a fundamental role in aquatic food webs. There is a need to investigate the potential of copepods species found in Colombian coasts for the development of marine aquaculture. Objective: evaluate the performance of the marine copepod Cyclopina sp fed with different microalgae species. Methods: experimental cultures were conducted in 10 L aquariums with an initial density of 2 copepods/ mL, constant aeration and 24 h light. Treatments consisted of feeding the copepods with a combination of two microalgae species in a 70:30 ratio, at concentrations of 4x10(5) cells/mL, as follows: T1 = Tetraselmis suecica + Isochrysis galbana, T2 = I. galbana. + Nannochloropsis oculata, T3 = N. oculata. + T. suecica, T4 = Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Temperature (ºC), salinity (%), dissolved oxygen (mg/L), pH, were registered daily, and the growth and population dynamics were evaluated every 48 hours for 15 days. Results: the greater density of total copepods (10± 3 copepods/ml) and number of nauplii (6 ± 2 nauplii/ mL), were registered on day 15 in T1, being significantly different (p<0.05) from any other treatments. Conclusions: the best growth and reproduction were attained in copepod populations fed with the combination of microalgae T. suecica + I. galbana (T1).

Los copépodos son la principal presa natural para la mayoría de larvas de peces y crustáceos marinos y sus nauplios como alimento vivo representan un papel fundamental en la sobrevivencia de las larvas. Objetivo: establecer el potencial de especies de copépodos presentes en las costas colombianas para el desarrollo de la piscicultura marina, siendo objetivo de esta investigación, evaluar el desempeño del copépodo marino Cyclopina sp alimentado con diferentes especies de microalgas. Métodos: cultivos experimentales se realizaron en acuarios con volumen útil de 10 litros, a densidad inicial de 2 copépodos/ ml, con aireación y luz constante. Combinaciones de microalgas (proporción 70:30) en concentración 4x10(5) cel/ml. Se usaron como tratamientos: T1 = Tetraselmis suecica + Isochrysis galbana, T2 = I. galbana + Nannochloropsis oculata, T3 = N. oculata + T. suecica, T4 = Levadura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Diariamente se registró la temperatura (ºC), salinidad (‰), oxígeno disuelto (mg/L), pH y se evaluaron cada 2 días el crecimiento y la composición poblacional durante el tiempo de cultivo. Resultados: la mayor densidad de copépodos totales (10 ± 3 copépodos/ml) y el mayor número de nauplios (6 ± 2 nauplios/ ml), se registraron el día 15 en T1, mostrando diferencias significativas (p<0.05) respecto a los demás tratamientos. Conclusión: los mejores crecimiento y composición poblacional, se registraron en las poblaciones alimentadas con la combinación de las microalgas T. suecica e I. galbana (T1).

Os copépodos são a principal presa natural para a maioria de larvas de peixes e crustáceos marinhos e seus náuplios como alimento vivo desempenhan um papel fundamental na sobrevivência das larvas. Objetivo: estabelecer o potencial de espécies de copépodos presentes nas costas colombianas para o desenvolvimento da piscicultura marinha, sendo o objetivo desta pesquisa avaliar o desempenho do copépodo marinho Cyclopina sp alimentado com diferentes espécies de microalgas. Métodos: culturas experimentais foram realizadas em aquarios com volume útil de 10 litros, densidade inicial de 2 copépodos/ ml, com aeração e luz constante. Combinações de microalgas (proporção 70:30) em concentração 4x10(5) cel/ml, foram usadas como tratamentos: T1 = Tetraselmis suecica + Isochrysis galbana, T2 = I. galbana + Nannochloropsis oculata, T3 = N. oculata + T. suecica, T4 = Levadura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Foi registrada diariamente a temperatura (°C), salinidade (‰), oxigênio dissolvido (mg/L) e pH. A cada dois días foram avaliados o crescimento e composição populacional durante o tempo de cultivo. Resultados: a maior densidade de copépodos totais (10 ± 3 copépodos/ml) e o maior número de náuplios (6 ± 2 náuplios/ ml), foram registrados no día 15 do T1, apresentando diferença estatística significativa (p<0.05) em comparação com os outros tratamentos. Conclusõe: o maior crescimento e composição populacional foi registrado na população alimentada com a combinação de microalgas T. suecica e I. galbana (T1).